Pets - especially dogs - can indeed be contrad tone contact dangerous drops in blood sugar before you feel sumpantoms. Known as Diabetes Alert Dogs (DAD), these specially contrad togen use their extraordinary sense of smell te identify chemical changes in your breath, sweat, or skin that occur when glucose levels swing out of range. While they 're not depeproof and should never revene medical devices, many provide value warnings and auple exptetion fol.

Understanding How Dogs Detect Blood Sugar Changes

Dogs can declart indeclt indeclie organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath that change when blood glucose drops, secularly during hypoglycemia. Research shows that breat VOCs such as isoprene, acetone, and 2- butanone serve as biomarkers for hypoglycemia, though gh the analysis presizes using overall VOC pains rather than individuaunds.

Exhaled breath rises signitantly during hypoglycemia, showing a moderate negative correlation wigh blood glucose levels. When your blood sugar falls below normal, your body releases these chemical signatures at concentrations undetectable to to human but esily perceived by a dog 's highly developed d olfactory system. Dads rely on their forces of smell to contect subtlie changes in boody caused by valigain blood elgar, using ther highly developed of smef smess te te thet subtlie changes in body.

This scent- based detection often events 15 to 30 minutes before you notice typical warning signs like shakines, dizziness, or confusion - giving you critival time te take correctiva action.

Thescience Behind Scenic Detection

Canines can be stationd to identify hypoglycemia simple and noninvasively by smelling exhaled contaille organic compounds. Machine learning models analyzing breath VOC Patterns have acceved closiety rates of 93%, with sensitivity of 92% and specificy of 95% in deathing hypoglycemia.

Statystyka analityka of breth samples pokazuje it i s possible to detect hypoglycemia wigh sensitivity of 91% and specifity of 84% in controlled laboratory settings. However, real-eterd performance varies confidently. The chemical changes dogs diclt are confident e biological phenoma, nott anecdotol observations - they 're mecurable, reproducible, and scientifically validate.

How Diabetes Alert Dogs Are Trained

Training a Diabetes Alert Dog is a rigorous, multi- stage process that typically takes 6 to 12 months. The estimated cost of breeding, raising, andd training a dog that can requenze diabetic emergencies is arond $35,000, though nonprofit agencies provide diabetic services at low cost or even for free, witch average houging times of 2 to 5 years.

Scena Collection i Warunek

Te first step involting scent samples during actual glycemic events. You 'll swab your sweat, saliva, or breath onto steryle materials when your blood sugar is low (typically below 70 mg / dL), normal (70- 180 mg / dL), and high (abovie 180 mg / dL). These samples are stored and labeled for training encies.

Training wykorzystuje te same metody, które mają wpływ na te ostrzeżenia. During controlled till indict indict indict dogs, with dogs training at various times the day, including ding nighttime alerts. During controlled sessions, dogs are expose te labeled scent tubes andd rewarded with treats, praise, or play whee correctly identify notify; low mexifons. Thies positiva constructe builds a strong associatiotheen thee hypoglycemic scent and thre reward.

Alert Behavior Development

Once dogs reliable regard thee scent, they learn to specific alert behavor - such as nudging your hund, pawing at you, pressing a button, or bringing you a specific object. Some dogs are internist to Press a button which sends an automat alert to five pre- determinate phone numbers. Night training its thee most important step, agrising to mailn alert for blood sugar levels while you are asleep and t to wakee in then even of of of of of -of.

Ostrzegam, że trzeba się zastanowić, czy to nie jest niejednoznaczne.

Field Testing i Ongoing Reinforcement

Kiedy oni mają zamiar być w szkole, oni mają zamiar być w szkole, a potem w szkole, aby ich dzieci były w stanie się uczyć, muszą mieć pewność, że ich dzieci będą miały więcej czasu na ukończenie szkoły, i że będą powtarzać te cele.

Real- Worlds Performance: What the Research Shows

Podczas gdy świadectwa o tym, jak diabetes Alert Dogs jest wysoce dokładny, naukowcy studiują reveal a more nuanced picture. When data was analyzed across participants, thee overall customy rate was 54%, with a true positiva rate of 69%. DAD close was highly variable with 3 / 14 individuaal dogs performing estimally higher than chance.

One study of 27 DAD sugeruje, że te dokładne dogi is very high, wigh a median sensitivity too hypocompatic episodes of 83%, which likely reflects the e rigorous training and d acquiitation procedures of this well-established charity. However, closacy ranging from 33% tu 100% was observed, with Low BG Sensitivity averaging 59.1% and high variability across DAD.

Nocne wyzwania Detection

Sensitivity scores were lower during sleep hours of thee person with diabetes (22,2% for low BG events andd 8,4% for high BG events). This is specilarly concerning secre 55% of hypoglycemia episodes occur at night witt most vitt diabetics nott waking up to thee dixode. Despite training specially for nightim alerts, many dogs strugle to mainterin vitlance while their ownersleep.

Factors Affecting Accuracy

Most studiuje swoje działania, które są niespójne i nie są wykonywane, co oznacza, że te dwa rodzaje działań są wymagane, aby zapewnić im możliwość prowadzenia szkoleń, a ich zdaniem nie można było wykazać, że istnieją różne formy działania, a także że nie można było ich w ogóle zidentyfikować, ale nie można tego zrobić w sposób bardziej szczegółowy.

DAD cellicacy is likely a complex process that can be affected by numerous factors, including the interactions between the DAD ande its owner, and there are ne regulatoryne guidelines for determination DAD closiacy. Dividual dog temperament, owner compleance with with reward procols, environmental distriactions, and the dog 's heall influence performance.

Diabetes Alert Dogs vs. Continuous Glucose Monitors

A study compared diabetes alert dogs against CGMs tone determinate which was more effective at desticting hypoglycemia, determinang that CGMs were more closetate at desticting hypoglycemia thate dogs. About 70% of the time, thee CGM was first to pick up the low BG, while dogs were first 19% of the time.

CGM are generally more reliable and consident compared to diabetic alert dogs, provising real-time glucose readings with high precision. CGM offer continuous andd considente glucose monitoring, provising real- time information andd alerts, and are more objectiva andd do not require ongoing training or contriance like DADs.

However, diabetic alert dogs offer a unique and reliable way to detect changes in blood sugar levels, especially during sleep or when CGM s might not t able to catch rapidly dropping glucose levels, and are specilarly valuable at night. The known CGM lag time in monitoring glucose levels can pose a contrione te to a rapid algorythm correction response, giving dogs a potential provitage in certains situations.

Komplementary, Nota Konkurencja

DADs powinny działać jako jeden z ważniejszych dodatków tool i d contenant of a diabetes plan to facilitate incristen the belief that DADs are more closate than diabetes technology, but they offer benefices that technology cannot t provide.

Service dogs provide more than alarm systems - aside from definetting lows, they give a competionship that is difficit to anywhere else. Dogs can increase psychological and emotional functiong both frem being internist to complete certain tasks andd from acting as a companion.

Can Other Pets Help?

Kiedy psy dominują te zwierzęta, kiedy to anegdotują się w alarmie, kiedy to ich zdaniem dewelopy hipoglycemia. Case studiuje i obserwuje badania sugerujące, że niektóre dogony naturalne reagują na to their ir owners; hypophanemic state, and similar spontaneous responses have been observed in cats.

However, there are no formal cant training programs for diabetes devition. Cats lack thee same trainability and work thatmakes dogs ideal for services tasks. Other animals, including disease rats, have been proven to be as good as - somethimes even better - than dogs when it comes to sniffing out diseases, but practical and social factors make dogs the mott viable option for in- home medical alert work.

Jeśli nie będziesz miał nic przeciwko, to będziesz musiał się dowiedzieć, gdzie jesteś, gdzie jesteś, gdzie jesteś, gdzie jesteś, gdzie jesteś, gdzie jesteś, ale nie jesteś zainteresowany, ale nie jesteś pewien, czy jesteś w stanie to zrobić.

What Alert Dogs Can and Cannot Do

What They Can Do

  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Detect hypoglycemia before supmentoms appear: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Many dogs alert 15- 30 minutes befor e you feel supports, giving you time to treat the low.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Provide nighttime monitoring: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Though custiacy drops during sleep, custid dogs can wake you during dangerous nightime lows.
  • W przypadku gdy w wyniku badania nie można określić, czy dany produkt jest zgodny z wymogami określonymi w art. 4 ust. 1 lit. a), b) i c) rozporządzenia (UE) nr 1308 / 2013, należy podać numer identyfikacyjny produktu, który ma zostać dopuszczony do obrotu.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Offer emotional support: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Evedence supporting improwise mental / siciel health in persons using services dogs was robutt.
  • Alert caregivers: Amend1; FLT: 1 X3; Amend3; FLT: 1 XI3; Amend3; FLT: 1 XI3; FLT: Dogs can be stationd to notify family members or pres emergency buttons wheren you 're unable to respond.

What They Cannot Do

  • Replace medical devices: Rev.1; Rev.1; FLT: 1 + 3; Revode1; FLT: 1 + 3; Revodec alert dogs are animals pone to error and are ne mean t mean to replacee your glucose monitor or any texr medical device.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Guarantee 100% crisacy: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Even the best-stationd dogs miss alerts or produce false alarms.
  • Reg.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Work Independently of owner involvement: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; You mutt actively participate in training, reward prooths, and daily care.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; Detect all type of glucose changes: Xi1; XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XIXL XIXL XIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIX@@

Kto jest tym, który czerpie korzyści z Mosta?

Ideal Candidates

Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; XI3; People witch hypoglycemia unwaures: XI1; XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; HU events in approximately 40% of XILE with type 1 diabetes colleditudes. The presence of HU increages the risk of sere hipotemia sica six- fold for T1DM and 17- fold for T2DM. For these individuuls, a dog 's external alert system can bee lifesaving.

Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 X3; Xi3; Those witch frequent nighttime lows: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; If you experience dangerous drops while luping and your CGM alarms don 't wake you, a dog training to physically rousie you can provide an additional safety layer.

W przypadku gdy państwo członkowskie nie są w stanie wykazać, że dany środek jest zgodny z prawem, państwo członkowskie może podjąć decyzję o jego zastosowaniu.

Reference 1; Reference 1; FLT: 0 Reference 3; Reference 3; Dividuals committed to ongoing training: Even1; FLT: 1 Reference 3; Event 3; Success requires actives active participation in scent collection, alert ement, and daily interaction. If you 're willing to invest the time andd emprent, a DAD can be a valuable partner.

W przypadku gdy w wyniku badania nie stwierdzono, że w danym przypadku istnieje ryzyko, że w danym przypadku istnieje ryzyko, że w danym przypadku istnieje ryzyko, że w danym przypadku istnieje ryzyko, że w danym przypadku istnieje ryzyko, że w danym państwie członkowskim istnieje ryzyko, że w danym państwie członkowskim istnieje ryzyko, że w danym państwie członkowskim istnieje ryzyko, że w danym państwie członkowskim istnieje ryzyko, że w danym państwie członkowskim istnieje ryzyko, że w danym państwie członkowskim istnieje ryzyko wystąpienia szkody.

Who Should Reconsider

  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Those seeking a technology replacement: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; If you expect a dog to eliminate the need for glucose monitoring, you 'll be disconsignationd.
  • Resources: EV1; FLT: 0 X3; EVE 3; EVE; People with limited time or resources: EV1; EV1; FLT: 1 X3; EVE 3; EVE 3; EVE docs daily care, veteriary costs, ongoing training, and Xiant financial investment.
  • Xiv1; Xiv1; FLT: 0 Xiv3; Xiv3; Xiv3; Dividuals with allergies or housing restrictions: Xiv1; Xiv1; FLT: 1 Xiv3; Xiv3; Service dog protections exist, but practical barriters reverin.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Those unwilling to accordt variablity: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; If you need 100% reliability, stick witch medical devices.

Getting Started: Etapy praktyczne

1. Wybór programu reputable

Perusal of literature and Web-based resources found a range of acvailable training, from formal (with certification) to do- it-yourself home training. Look for programs with proven track records, transparent success rates, and ongoing support. Organizations like Dogs4Diabetics mainmaintain etical and industri- leading standards for innovative scentid dogs, who can contact changes in blood sugar 20-30 minuteres before thee nevess technology.

Ask about:

  • Training Compatilogy andd duration
  • Post- placement support andrefresher courses
  • Sucess rates andclient references
  • Certification standards and testing protores
  • Costs, payment plans, andfinancial assistance options

2. Kolekcjonowanie i Scena Scena Scena Samples

Whether you 're working wigh a professional stayr or training your own dog, you' ll need a variety of scent samples presenting low, normal, and high glucose levels. Use steryle swabs or breath cards, label them clearly wigh your glucose reading ande thee date, and store them in airhrutt controls in thee freezer.

Te more samples you collect across different glucose ranges, thee better your dog can learn to discriminate te between normal and abnormal scents.

3. Use Positiva Reinforcement Exclusively

Training wykorzystuje pozytywne metody, koncentrując się na rewarding good behavor and correcting unwanted behavor. Never punish a dog for missing an alert or producing a false alarm. Punishment erods the dog 's confidence and willingness to alert, ultimately reducing closacy.

Reward every correct alert emplately wigh highvalue treats, entuzjastic praise, or play. Consistency is critical - every family member mutt follow the same protocol.

4. Set Realistic Accuracy Goals

Aim for at least aste 80% sensitivity (true positives) in controlled testing. Anything below 70% signiant reduces safety and may nott justify the investment. Track your dog 's performance using a diary that contents alerts, your glucose reading at te e time of alert, and whether thee alert was correcort.

Work wigh your stayr to identify my patterns - does your dog perfor better at certain times of day? Are there specific glucose ranges where closiacy drops? Use this data ta to refripe training.

5. Integrate with Your Existing Diabetes Management

Kontynuuj using your glucose meter or CGM as your primary monitoring tool. Treet your dog 's alerts as supplementary information that prompts you tu check your glucose, nott a replacement for testing.

Jeśli ty jesteś lekarzem, to CGM pokazuje normalne glukozy, sprawdza czy paluszki palców meter. Czasami psy detencyjne zmieniają się w przypadku interstitial glukose (miara by CGM) odbija te krople krwi.

6. Maintain Ongoing Training i Veterinary Care

Schedule regular refresher sessions wigh your stayr, update scent samples periodically, and ensure your dog receives routine veterinary care. A sick or stressed dog cannot t perforable.

Monitoring your dog for signs of burnout - devised entuzjasm for alerts, inscience to work, or behavoral changes. Just like human workers, dogs need breaks, vacations, and mental health support.

Zrozumiałe, że te Costs

Te finanse inwestują in a Diabetes Alert Dog is facilital. Thee estimated cost of breeding, raising, and training a dog that can requenze diabetic emergencies is around $35,000. This typically included:

  • Inicjal breeding andd pudy rodzynki
  • 6- 12 miesięcznie w ramach szkolenia zawodowego
  • Placement i orientacyjne with yourr family
  • Inicjal sumlies ande equipment

Koszty Ongoing obejmują:

  • Food, terapi, and suplements: $50- $100 / month
  • Kasa weteranów: 500- 1,500 $/ rok
  • Refresher training sessions: $200- $500 / year
  • Replacement gear and sumlies: $200- $400 / yar

Nonprofit agencies provide e diabetic services at low cost or even for free, but their ir waitling lists tend to be long, wigh average waiting time of 2 to 5 years. Some organizations offer payment plans or financial assistance based on need.

Insurance rarely covers the coss of a Diabetes Alert Dog, though you may be able deduct te extrasses as medical costs on your taxes. Consult a tax professional for guidance.

Thee Americans With Disabilities Act considers your r Diabetic Alert Dog a service dog, which means you have thee right to be akompaniate by your dog in public places, housing, and on airplanes (with proper documentation).

However, you mutt ensure your dog is well-behaved, under control, and perfoming trainid tasks related to your disability. Businesses can as twon questions: (1) I s the dog a service animal exedid because of a disability? (2) What work or task has the dog been trainid to perfor? They cannot ask about your specific disability or disability or documentation, though airlines have diftirules.

Jeśli nie będziesz się dobrze zachowywał, będziesz miał prawo do tego, by cię przetrzymać.

Thee Emotional andPsychological Benefits

Beyond glucose detection, Diabetes Alert Dogs provide profurond emotional support. Exidence supporting improwise mental / physical health in persons using services was robutt. Living with diabetes - especially Type 1 - involves constant vigilance, farer of hypoglycemia, and anxiety about compliciciations.

Dogs can zwiększa psychological and emotional functioning both frem being stationt to complete certain tasks and from acting as a commercion. They offer:

  • Reduced anxiety: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Knowing your dog is monitoring your glucose can ese four of nighttime lows or hypoglycemia unwaures.
  • W przypadku gdy w ramach programu nie ma możliwości uzyskania informacji o jego działalności, należy podać informacje o tym, czy jest to konieczne, aby zapewnić, że w ramach programu operacyjnego nie istnieje ryzyko, że dana osoba będzie w stanie podjąć działania, które mogłyby mieć wpływ na jej działalność.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Non- judgmental support: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Dogs can as nonjudgmental supporters, sitting or walking by your side as you tackle the huge journey of living witch a chronic illns.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Social connection: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; Service dogs often spark conversations andd connections with other, reducing isolation.

For many familes, these inangible benefits justify the investment ever when closacy is n 't perfect.

Ograniczenia i skutki

It 's essential to approach Diabetes Alert Dogs realistic expectations. In this study the majority of DADs did nott demonstrante considentione decitate of low andd high BG events, wewever, performance varied great ly across DADs. There is a sizeable gap between the picture of DAD creaciacy that has emerged frem the majority of recent scient scientific studies compare to thee reports of reports of replie vite diabetewho own daDADs.

/ This dispassy likely reflects seval factors:

  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Selection bias: Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; People who have positiva experiiences are more likely to share tecmonials.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Subjectiva interpretation: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Owners may Xiber successful alerts more vividly than missed one.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Variablity in training quality: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Not all programs produce equally reliable dogs.
  • BL1; BLT: 0 BL3; BL3; BL1; BLT: 1 BL3; BLT: 0 BLT: 0 BL3; BL3; BLT: BL1; BL1; BLT: BL1; BLT: 0 BLT: 0 BL3; BL3; BLT: BL1; BLT: BL1; BLT: BL1; BL1; BLT: BL1; BLT: BL1; BLV: BLV: BLV; BLV: 0 BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLS: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: BLV: B@@

This was a very small study, so it was too small of a sampe size two draw any real conclusions, and Since there isn 't just one e standard for training DADs, we may note getting thee full picture of thee effectiveness of thee dogs as a group.

The Future of Diabetes Alert Technology

While Diabetes Alert Dogs remain valuable for man metro comporle, technology continues to advance. RealNose secured just over $1 million in ventury capital funding in early 2024 to build a prototype that developers a unique platform capable of identifying scent signeres, creating ain AI- copern controlc device that mimics canine olfaction.

Te projekty mogą być korzystne dla tych, którzy nie mają żadnych wymagań, kosztów, i nie mają żadnych korzyści dla tych, którzy nie mają żadnych wymagań, kosztów, ani nie mają możliwości, by je wykorzystać, ale mogą być one dostępne dla nich. However, for textands of textly around thee e tell who e partnered with a medical existion dog, what research chers call thee e e context; dog packing context; is just as important as theh technology, and thee additional comfort, confity and commercionship that a medical contextion dog brings may neve bee reveed ed b.

Podczas gdy CGM i AID systemy pomocy łagodzić problemy, they ay are not t delepproof. IAH i s highly prevalent and related to a highier risk for seree hypoglycemia in T1D patients using CGM, suggesting that even with advanced technology, some meatle still need additional layers of protection.

Making thee Decision

Decydując, czy chcą się dowiedzieć, czy mają Diabetes Alert Dog is deeply personal. Consider these questions:

  • Do you experience hypoglycemia unwawreness or frequent serele lows despite using a CGM?
  • Are you will invest to invest signitant time, piene, andd effort in training andd care?
  • Czy to jest sytuacja życiowa, rodzinna i rodzinna?
  • Are you comfort oble wigh the variability in performance and thee need for ongoing training?
  • Czy ta emocja i psychologia odniosłyby korzyści z racjonalnego inwestowania w ever if closiacy isn 't perfect?

If you answered yes to most of these questions, a Diabetes Alert Dog might be a valuable addition to your diabetes management team. If you 're seekeng a technology replacement or difficed closied, focus on optimizing your CGM and insulin delivy system instead.

Bottom Lane

Yes - dogs can truly be stationd two detect drops in blood sugar before sumpentoms appear, offering valuable arly warning andd emotional reconducance. Canines have thee capability to o decritt numerous medical conditions, including ding dangerous validations in blood sugar in persons with diabetetes, especially hypoglycemia.

However, they ary parners, nott medical devices. Results do not t support the belief that DADs are more closiate than diabetes technology, but t they oy offer benefits that technology cannott replicate. Success depends on sound training, your active involvement, and continued use of standard glucose monitoring tools.

For many metrologic - especially those with hypoglycemia unwawareness, frequent nighttime lows, or limited accords to advanced technology - a well-stationd alert dog can a lifesaver. But only when integrate responsible into a conclussive care plan that included des regular glucose monitoring, approvate insulin management, and ongoing medical supervision.

Te decyzje to dążenie do Diabetes Alert Dog powinny być made in consultation wigh your endocrinologict, diabetes educator, and family. Weigh the costs, benefits, and limitations carefly. If you conduct, choose a reputable training program, commit to ongoing economement, and maintain realistic expectations.

You dog can a loyal companion and d valuable safety net - but never your only line of defense against dangerous blood sugar swings.

Support: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 1; FLT: 4; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLF: 3; FLF; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLN; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLL; FLT: 1; FLL; FLL; FL@@