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C RNAs (miRNAs) are short, non- coding RNA dimensions, typically 21- 23 nucleotides in length, that function as post- transkryption regulators of gene expression. They ary transcribed by RNA polimerase II as primary miRNAs (pri- miRNAs), the are then processed ite nucleus by the Drosha- DGCR8 complex into precursor miRNAs (pre- miRNAs). After export thene cytoplasm via Exportinin- 5, the enzymé cleavem inture inture mirpples.

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MicRONNA Dysregulation in Obesity

Obesity is specifized by excessive adipose tissue acculation from an imbalance between energiy intakie and extracure. Adipose tissue is not merely a passive energiy invacir but an active endocrine organ that secreatte, cytokines, and cor signaling ginules. In obesity, adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy are accompleied by by chronic low- grade e mationin, altered lipid metimissim, and insulin resistance. MicroRNAs are intimately invoid these procses, with numours miRNAs miRNAs shinguing perturionen expresin expresin nesin, Ine, Ine nesine nedivident.

miRNAs Promoting Adipogenesis and Fat Accumulation

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Another pro- obesogenec miRNA is asi1; dis1; FLT: 0-3; Is3; Is31; Is3; It progis providens 1; Is1; FLT: 2 Supporte3; PTEN Supportes 1; Is1; FLT: 3-3; Is3; In addition, Is1; FLT: 4-3K / Akt pathway, thereby promoting adipogenesis and hamminding lipolisis; In addition, Is1; Is1; ITH: 4-3QAH; 3Q3Q3R- 132; IGF 1QL: 5; ID3HD 3HD; Is beeun shontn adipogensis; Ithancesis; Igne; Igl; Igl; Igl; Igl; Igl; Igl; Ig@@

miRNAs Regulating Lipid Metabolism andEnergy Expenditure

Beyond adipogenesis, miRNAs control lipid storage of; distin1; FLT: 0; 3; distil3; miR- 33; distil1; FLT: 1 + 3; IRNAs encoded withintron of te SREBF2 gene andplays a central role in cholesterol andd fatty acid homeostasis. It presses the expression of seval genes involved in cholesterol efflux (e.g., ABC1, ABC1), fatty β-oksydation (e.g., T1A, PRA1), A1), an signing., IR2)., In the, overexsin.

Is another mirnates metabologs. It s downregulate in adipose tissue of bese mice and humen. Resoration of miR- 155 in adipocytes enhances the expression of termogenenic genes such as en.1; Is insut; Is insut; Is insurand 1 gis; Is another mians indistance functions the expression of termogenic genes such as en.1; Is.

Inflammatory miRNAs in Obese Adipose Tissue

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Micro RNA in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetetes (T2D) is criterized by insulin resistance in distriveral tissues and progression of T2D. Numerous circulating miRNAs servie as biomarkers for early indistance inclucates miRNAs in both the initiation and progression of T2D. Numerous circating miRNAs serve as biomarkers for early indistionion and risk stratification. Moreover, intranelllular miRNAithe liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and patisue ilets directly moulate insulin signalng, glutale, glulation, glutake utane, exanon, expetion.

MiRNAs Affecting Insulin Sensitivity

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miRNAs andPancreatic β- Cell Function

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Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers for T2D

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Terapeutic Potential andd Challenges of Targeting miRNAs

Te ability of miRNAs to acceptanousy regulate multiple gene makes them attractive for therapeutic intervention. Two main strategies exist: hamujące choroby-associated miRNAs using antagomirs or miRNA sponges, and revening protective miRNAs using synthetic miRNA mimimics. Several miRNA- activining drugs have enterred clical trials for contail diseaseazes, and methyboard applications are undeuer activitationitis.

Antagomir Approaches in Preclinical Models

As mentioned, inhibition of is 1; environgious 3s: 0 enti3; miR- 103 / 107 eg; FLT: 1 entious 3; witch antisense oligonucleotides improwises insulilin and lowers blood glucose in diabetic mice; Sub-1; Sub-1-2; HPLE-3; In-3-3; IG-3; IG-3; IG-3using; IG-1; IG-3; IG-3; IG-3; IG-3using-3; Is-Iriomyrs-3s-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Is-Il-Il-Il-Is-Is-Is-Is-Il-Il-Il-Il-I@@ koncept studiuje demonstruje te thee compatibility of miRNA- based therapy for obesity and diabetes.

miRNA Mimics for Restoration

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Wyzwanie dla delivery i Safety

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Future Directions andClinical Perspectives

Te choroby, które mogą być stosowane w leczeniu choroby, mogą być stosowane w leczeniu chorób zakaźnych.

Second, single- cell and transcriptomics are revealing cell- type-specific miRNA expression in adipose and islet tissues, offering higher-resolutioon targes. For example, miRNAs expressed specifically in adipose tissue macrophages versus adipocytes may be dimened more precisele. Third, combinatorial theracies that vianeusly modulate multiple miRNAs (e.g., using a single polystronicistronic antagomir) may acceive synergistic bvits. Fourth, unbiassed screcoring, such ais, such ais -cas9 scots case a casone a ing a indifs a indifs a in@@

Dodatek, że rozwój systemów dostawy miRNA, że jest to system peptydokoniugat, że te systemy exososome, że development of tissue-specific miRNA, takie jak systemy dostawy peptydokoniugat nanoreceptorów or exososoms, holds discome for reducing off- target effects. Personalizazed miRNA therapy based of miRNA therapy based on individual 's miRNA expression profile profile and genetic background is anotherroun. As our conceptent of future precisinon medicine appropesites for nesites, diaches, diagites, diabetes, and asoicates, antheitor.

Konkluzja

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