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Oral diabetes medications are used to manage blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. They belong to different classes, each working in unique ways to help control the condition. Understanding these classes can assist in making informed treatment decisions.
Biguanides
The most common medication in this class is metformin. It works by reducing glucose production in the liver and increasing the body’s sensitivity to insulin. This helps lower blood sugar levels and can also aid in weight management.
Sulfonylureas
Sulfonylureas stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin. They are effective in lowering blood sugar but may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Examples include glipizide and glyburide.
Thiazolidinediones
This class improves insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues. They help lower blood glucose levels but may have side effects such as weight gain and fluid retention. Pioglitazone is a common medication in this group.
Other Classes
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, which slow carbohydrate absorption
- DPP-4 inhibitors, which increase insulin release
- SGLT2 inhibitors, which promote glucose excretion through urine